Nigerian Benefits And Advantages Of Globalization Politics Essay

Nigerian Benefits And Advantages Of globularisation Politics EssayGlobalization of the military man thriftiness is the integration of economies throughout the world through vocation, fiscal flows, the exchange of technology and information, and the movement of people. The level of movement towards integration is clearly reflected in the rising importance of world trade and expectant flows in the world economy. Further more than globalization refers to the fact that we whole are increasingly living in one world, so that individuals, groups and nations will become ever more interdependent. check to globalization 101, the Levin institute university of New York. He said globalization is the integration of economic, political, and cultural systems crosswise the nut? Or is it the dominance of developed countries in decision-making, at the expense of poorer, little powerful nations? Is globalization a force for economic growth, prosperity, and democratic freedom? Or is it a force for environmental devastation, exploitation of the growing world, and suppression of human rights? Does globalization only benefit the rich or whoremonger the poor piddle payoff of it to improve their well-being?Globalization refers to the fact that we are increasingly living in one world, so that individuals, groups, and nations become ever more interdependent. Globalization in this sense has been occurring over a long period of human history and it is certainly non restricted to the contemporary world. Nevertheless, current debates are oft more focused on the sheer pace and intensity of globalization over the past 30years or so. Baylis and Smith defined globalization as the change of interconnectedness between societies such that events in one part of the world more and more take up effects on people and the societies far a manner. E.g. the blast of 9/11 took place in a single country-the USA 9/11/2001- nevertheless the event was seen around the world instantaneously on TV screens. The polish up was carried out by the Al Qaeda, a loosely non-state organizations with followers in around 50 countries. They were arranged using globalised technology such as planetary bank accounts and internet.Globalization has cultural, economic, and political effects or impacts. In each of these areas the world seem to be shrinking so that geographical distance plays less of a role in limiting social life.The intensification o worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring m some(prenominal) miles away and vice versa. (Giddens 199021)The integration of the world economy. (Gilpin 200136)De-territorialization or the growth of supraterritorial relations between people. (scholte 200046)Time spot compression (Harvey 1989)LITERATURE REVIEWharmonize to martin Griffiths, he said globalization has certain identifiable characteristics, although there is no consensus in the field more or less any o f them. In the first place, it involves a growing consciousness of the world as a single place. This is reflected in phrases such as global village and the global economy. Few places are more than a days travel away and communication across territorial borders is today almost instantaneous. In 1980 there were intimately 1 million international travelers per day. In 2000 more than 3 million people crossed territorial borders as tourists each day. And in 2003, the WTO estimated that global tourism generated nearly us693 billion.Second, new information and communication technology has improved access to overseas markets and streamlined twain production and distri unlession of goods and the trade in international exchange. Third, human being are becoming more and more dependent upon one an other(a) as problems such as global warming, the international drugs trade and terrorism can only be managed through considerableer cooperation at a supranational level.It is true that not e ratt lingbody benefits from globalization. To take full advantages of globalization it requires both capital and access to technology. Many states in the international system have neither. A puffy proportion of the worlds population, for example does not have access to the telephone. be on the net is not something which makes a lot of sense to those living in the poorest parts of the third world. In other words, globalization may not be global after all. At best(p), its spread and impact are uneven.From the perspective of the OCECG countries, there are many unresolved issues with respect to globalization. Among them is its relationship to democracy. If globalization is indeed weakening the ability of states to make autonomous economic and political decisions, then one might argue that globalization is a dangerously anti-democratic force.According to Anthony Giddens, he argues that globalization is the result of industrialization and currentization, which picked up pace in the late 19 th century. And in fact a strong case can be made that the world was highly globalized 100 or more years age. In the late 19th century, people could not move across national borders without passports. The extent of international trade and capital flow in the late 20thcentury only restored the level achieved before world war (1914-1918).According to Haralambos he said global economy is no durable basically agricultural or industrial in its basis but rather, it is progressively more dominate by activity that is light and insubstantial. This light or weightless economy is one in which products have their base in information, as is the case with information mathematical operationing system software, media and entertainment products and internet-based services. The process of globalization is often portrayed exclusively as an economic occurrence. Much is made of the role of transnational corporations, whose colossal operations now extend across national borders, influencing global pr oduction processes and the international distribution of labour. Transnational corporations are companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country. These may be comparatively small firms with one or two factories outside the country in which they are based, or extremely large international ventures whose operations criss-cross the globe. Examples Coca-Cola, Kodak, Mitsubishi, etc, are oriented towards global markets and global profits they are at the centre of economic globalization. They account for 2/3rds of all world trade, and are instrumental in the circulation of new technology around the globe and are major actors in international financial markets. Few years after the 2nd world war Tnc became a global process, its spread in the initial post war years came from firms based in the United States, but by 1970s, atomic number 63an and Japanese firms increasingly began to invest abroad. In the late 1980s and 1890s, Tcs expanded drastically with the establishm ent of three powerful regional markets Europe the single European market, Asia-Pacific the Osaka Declaration guaranteed free and open trade by 2010 and North America the North American free trade agreement. Since the early mid- nineties countries in other areas of the world have in any case liberalized restrictions on foreign investment. By 21stc there were few economies in the world that stood beyond the reach of Tcs, in the past decade they have expanded their influence in the ontogenesis countries and in the societies of former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Others point to the electronic internalization of global financial markets and the mammoth volume of global capital flows banks, corporations, fund managers and individual investors are able to shift funds internationally with the click of a mouse. Still others focus on the unmatched capacity of world trade, involving a much broader variety of goods and services than ever before. Since earth War 11 globalization has been driven by Trade negotiation rounds, originally under the auspices of GATT General Agreement on Trade led to a treaty to create the World Trade Organizations WTO, to mediate trade disputes. Other bi-and trilateral trade agreements, including section of Europes Maastricht Treaty and the North American Free Trade Agreement have also been signed in pursuit of the goal of reducing tariffs and barriers.According to Alain Anderson, he talked about the effect of globalization he said that globalization is leading to a fall in the price of some goods and services because production is being switched from high cost location to low cost locations. For example, switching production of boob tube sets from Wales to china will lead to a fall in labour costs because Chinese workers are prepared to work for a fraction of the contend of welsh worker are prepared to work for a fraction of the wages of welsh workers. Equally, the globalization of technology of technology means that a Chinese factory can employ the most advanced machines and methods of production to ensure lowest cost. However he also said globalization is leading to a rise in price in some goods and services. This is because globalization is raising average world incomes. Higher income means high demand for individual products.According to Joshua s. Goldstein, he said that two keys events of recent globalization. The terrorists who plotted and carried out the September 11/2001, attacks used the internet t assist in planning, coordination and fundraising f or the attacks. And global economic recession of 2008-2009, which began with a collapse of the U.S home mortgage market, spread quickly to other nations. Highly integrated global financial markets created a ripple effect across the globe. Thus, two hallmarks of globalization-expanding communications technology and integrated markets-facilitated events that directly impacted our daily lives.According to Jon c. pevehouse, he sees globalization as the realisat ion of liberal economic principles. A global market place has brought growth and prosperity (not to all countries but to those most integrated with the global market). This economic process has made traditional states obsolete as economic units. States are thus losing authority to supranational institutions such as the international monetary fund (IMF) and the European Union (EU) and to transnational actors such as MNCs and NGOs. The values of technocrats and elite, educated citizens in liberal democracies are becoming global values, reflecting an emerging global civilization. The old north-south sub course of instruction is seen as less important, because the global south is moving in divergent directions depending on countries and regions integration with world markets. A second perspective is skeptical of these claims about globalization. This skeptics note that the worlds major economies are no integrated today than before World War 1 (when British hegemony provided a common se t of expectations and institutions). The skeptics also doubt that regional and geographical decidedions such as the north-south disunite are disappearing in favor of a single global market. Rather, they see the north-south happy chance as increasing with globalization. Also, the economic integration of states may be leading not to a single world free trade zone, but to distinct and rival regional blocs in America, Europe, and Asia. The supposed emerging world civilization is disproving by the fragmenting of large units (such as the Soviet Union) into smaller ones along lines of language, religion and other such as cultural factors.A third school of thought sees globalization as more profound than the skeptics believe, yet more uncertain than good deal of supporters of liberal economics. These transformationalists see state sovereignty as being eroded by the EU the WTO, and other new institution so that sovereignty is no longer an absolute but just one of a spectrum of bargaining leverage held by states. The bargaining itself increasingly involves no state actors. Thus globalization, but transformed to operate in new contexts with new tools.For the realist part, globalization does not alter the most significant feature of world politics, namely the territorial division of the world into nation-states. While the increased interconnectedness between economies and societies might make them more dependent one another, the same cannot be said about the states-system. Here, states proceed sovereignty and globalization does not render obsolete the struggle for political power between states. Nor does it undermine the importance of the balance of power. Globalization may make believe our social, economic and cultural lives, but it does not transcend the international political system of states.For the liberal part, the picture looks very different because they tend to see globalization as the end product of a long running transformation of world politics. For the m, globalization fundamentally undermines realist accounts of world politics since it shows that states are no longer such central actors, of differing importance according to the issue area concerned. Liberals are particularly interested in the revolution in technology and communications correspond by globalization. This increased interconnectedness between societies, which is economically and technologically led, results in a very different pattern of world political relations from that which has deceased before. States are no longer sealed units, if ever they were, and as a result the world looks more wish a cobweb of relations than like the state model of realism or the class model of Marxist theory.For Marxist theorists, globalization is a bit of a sham. It is nothing particularly new, and is really only the latest stage in the development of international capitalism. It does not mark a qualitative shift in world politics, nor does it render all our existing theories and con cepts redundant. Above all, it is western led phenomenon which basically simply furthers the development of international capitalism. Rather than make the world more alike, it further deepens the existing divide between the core, the semi-periphery, and the periphery.For constructivist theorists, globalization tends to be presented as external force acting on states, which leaders often argue is a reality that they cannot challenge. This constructivists argue, is a very political act, since it underestimates the ability of leaders to challenge and shape globalization and instead allows them to duck responsibility by blaming the way the world is. Instead, constructivists think that we can retch globalization in a variety of ways, notably because it offers us very real chances to create cross national social movements aided by modern technological forms of communication such as the internet.The skeptical view of globalization. The skeptical accounts of globalization tend to dismiss i ts significance for the study of world politics. They do so on the ground thatBy comparison with the period 1870 to 1914, the world is much less globalized economically, politically and culturally.Rather than globalization, the contemporary world is marked by step up geopolitics, regionalization and internationalization.The vest bulk of international economic and political activity is concentrated within the group of OECD states.By comparison with the heyday of European global empires, the legal age of the worlds population and countries in the south are now much less integrated into the global system.Geopolitics, state power, nationalism and territorial boundaries are growing, not less, importance in world politics.Internationalization or regionalizations are creatures of state policy not corporate actor or capitalist imperatives.Globalization is at best a self serving myth or ideology which reinforces western and particularly US hegemony in world politics.(hirst and Thompson 199 9,2003)The impact of globalization on the developing countries by Chandrasekaran Balakrishnanglobalization is the new exhortation that has come to dominate the world since the nineties of the last century with the end of the cold war and the break-up of the previous Soviet Union and the global development towards the regular globe. The frontiers of the state with increased dependence on the market economy and renewed faith in the private capital and resources, a process of structural adjustment spurred by the studies and influences of the World Bank and other International organisations have started in many of the developing countries. Also Globalisation has brought in new opportunities to developing countries. Greater access to developed country markets and technology transfer hold out promise improved productivity and higher living standard. But globalisation has also thrown up new challenges like growing inequality across and within nations, volatility in financial market and env ironmental deteriorations. Another negative aspect of globalisation is that a great majority of developing countries remain removed from the process. Turn over the nineties the process of globalisation of the Indian economy was constrained by the barriers to trade and investment liberalisation of trade, investment and financial flows initiated in the nineties has increasingly move the barriers to competition and hastened the rate of globalisationPOPULATION SIZE 10 people.THE INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION internet, books, use of questionnaires.OBSERVATIONMy observation on globalization is that the judgment that the indirect benefits of financial integration, which may be difficult to pick up in regression analysis, could be quite important. Also, the long-run gains, which in some cases have not yet been realized, may exceed the short-term costs. For instance, although Europes efforts to achieve monetary integration resulted in its being buffeted by severe and costly crises in the early 1990s, these efforts eventually brought about the transition to the single currency in use throughout much of Europe today.EXPERIENCESMy experience of globalization has a great degree. Different from the level of development at which a country has engaged with it. Some developing countries and countries with economies in transition have been well positioned to take advantage of the new opportunities for trade and investment, and building on domestic savings, foreign investment and capital inflows, technology transfers, human resource development and export orientation, have achieved fast economic growth.CONCLUSIONThe main conclusions is that, so far it has proven difficult to find robust evidence supporting the proposition that financial integration helps developing countries to improve growth rate.

Impact of Speech, Language and Communication Difficulties

Impact of Speech, Language and Communication DifficultiesLanguage is the vehicle for most chartering, so when a s getr has m new(prenominal) tongue, actors line and parley uncontrollableies it tail end affect the growing of the childs cognitive, social and emotional wellbeing. The level of dampenment problems convey vary depending on the severity of the problems and the support that the child receives. All children tramp get from some support in manner of speaking, wording and talks beca workout of how heavy it is for learning. We emergency altogether three elements of speech, phraseology and communication to get our message across, with bring out whatsoever of these, what a child says and understands whitethorn become conf utilise. Here argon some aras that whitethorn be affected.Personal, social and emotional development.Some whitethorn ensure it difficult to company the rules of communication and interact soci whollyy with others. Because they may find it hard to express themselves and get their views and ask across to others they lavatory a lot find themselves avoiding social fundamental interaction situations. This buttocks then influence them feel they lack confidence and nonplus a low self-esteem. Decision do ordain become difficult and they may start to rely on others to make decisions for them.Friendships.Friendships be very important for children. Children with speech, row and communications difficulties set up find making and maintaining friendships a real challenge. The ability to understand and negotiate disagreements, socialise with peers and be part of a friendship group is an important development in life. This can become even much difficult as the child progresses through primary school as the need increases for them to become more aware of the feelings, thoughts and motives of others.Behaviour.Children with these difficulties can often become frustrated, this can result in them demonstrating behaviour dif ficulties. These can range from occasional bouts of unpredictable behaviour to more specific patterns of misbehaviour. Some prison terms because of this poor behaviour, which is often seen as the big issue, the language difficulties can be missed.Play.Play is a vital part of a childs development, by playing they can learn from their peers. When a child struggles with speech, language and communication, this can ingest an deed on their ability to play with others. They may non have the confidence to mix with others and participate in games as they can struggle to understand the rules or to make themselves be understand when explaining what they want to play.Literacy.Spoken language is important for the development of reading and writing. Children with speech and language problems forget often go on to also have reading and writing difficulties. Children who are unable to understand complex oral language and word meanings can have reading difficulties because their ability to un derstand and produce written language is limited. This can have a knock on effect with accessing the rest of the curriculum, for example, for the development of maths there needs to be an intellect of language and instructions to help with mathematical problem solving and apply bite and shape names.Adapting Communications Methods.There are lots of things all practitioners can do to help a child with language and communication difficulties. The level of adaptions compulsory impart depend on the severity of the childs difficulties. You will need to discover how the child slide bys and just how well they can communicate to be able to make the best adaptions. It would certainly be advisable for all practitioners to take part in a speech and language therapy total communication workshop. This will explain the ability to communicate by whatever means available. This may include a combination of any of the following. Natural gesture, e.g. painting, body movements, speech, oral nois es, signs, symbols, pictures and photos. Children are more likely to learn and take in more when they are not rushed and ease offn time to listen. Slow your speech conquer so that they have more time to fulfill what is being said to them or asked of them. Make sure the child is given time to answer a question. By rushing them into answering can make them feel they have failed and therefore less likely to want to attempt to communicate.Objects of reference can be used as a way of communication. These are objects that are chosen to represent activities, places, times etc. and are used meaningfully and systematically. Objects are used because they are multi-sensory and permanent. They also help when used in a systematic way. It can develop symbolic understanding, for example, something that can represent something else. Develop the understanding of whats going to happen next. Develops the concept of start and finish. It also helps retention of information by the use of prompts. It w ill develop the ability to communicate when using objects of reference. It is important to intercommunicate to the child, but the level of language should be based on the level of understanding by the child. Use key language, known lexicon and have a consistent routine.PECS(Picture Exchange Communication System) can help those that have communication difficulties to initiate communication, although this is a very structural approach and best implemented by someone who is practised in it.When giving children with language and communication difficulties instructions or explaining to them about an activity, it is important that you make sure the child has fully understood what has been said to them. Asking the child to resort what you have asked them or get them to explain the activity to you will help you decide if they have a nifty understanding of what is asked of them. You can help by shortening your sentences and use more simple words that are age and development related. Sig ning with a child can be helpful in many ways, it gains their attention and can improve eye contact, expressive speech can develop. Signing is known to raise the some area of the brain as speech, make sure you sign slowly and only sign keywords. It is important to speak naturally with the signs. Do not overload the child with too many signs and only teach the signs that are useful to the child that you are working with. Just by learning a few key signs such as drink and toilet can enhance some childrens lives enormously. slope as an addition Language.Because there are more and more children entree the childcare settings who speak English as an additional language, practitioners may have to give extra support to these children to help them develop their skills in English. Practitioners should value this linguistic diversity and provide opportunities for these children to use and develop their photographic plate language in their play and learning. Home language skills are mobile to new languages and can strengthen the childs understanding of language use. As some of the childs family may not speak any English, it is important to understand that the child will still need to speak their home language for communications in the home. Home languages are vital for maintaining haughty family connections. Practitioners have a key role in reassuring parents that by maintaining and growth their home language will benefit their children with their developing skills in English. English will need to be learnt in a context, through practical meaningful experiences and interactions with others. These children may spend a longsighted time listening forward they speak and go through a silent phase. This is not usually a cause for concern as they are still learning. They will often be able to understand much of what they hear, especially where communication through gesture, facial expression and visual support is encouraged. Understanding is always in arouse in spoken l anguage and it is important that children do not feel pressured into speaking until they feel confident to do so, but it is essential that adults continue to twaddle to the children with the expectation that they will respond.Learning opportunities should be planned to help children develop their English. Build on the childs experiences of language at home, so that their developing use of English and other languages support one another. Provide a variety of writing in the childrens home languages as well as English including books, labels and notices. Make sure the child has a range of opportunities to engage in speaking and listening activities in English with peers and adults. Practitioners will also have to keep close supervision over children that have English as an additional language and continually reinforce instructions, as these children may find it difficult to understand rules and boundaries and therefore can place themselves at risk of danger and hurting themselves.Supp orting Speech, Language and Communication needs of children.The earlier any problems with a childs speech are picked up the better as the relevant support can be put into place. It is therefore vital for all those working with children to appreciate the importance of speech, language and communication. Make sure they are aware of how they can support the development of speech, language and communications in all children. Are able to identify children with difficulties and know where to get them additional support. Know how to work with specialists such as speech therapists. Its not always faint to tell if a child has a speech, language and communication need, it can depend on several things, and for example what age the child is and what type of difficulties they may have. Usually a parent or a family member will be the first person to realise the child has a difficulty, sometimes it can be staff at a nursery or school who notice there is a problem. Testing can begin right from ha ve got as many babies now have a new-born hearing test. Problems with hearing can lead to speech difficulties. If a parent has concerns about their childs speech, language and communication development, they can seek advice from their health visitor, G.P. school nurse or teacher. Any of these should be able to support the parent in making a referral to a speech and language therapist if necessary. Speech and language therapists have specialist skills and knowledge about the development of speech and language. They are trained to assess the childs speech and language development, notice whether there are any difficulties, make a diagnosis and develop an individual sermon plan to the childs needs and work alongside the parent to implement the plan.Impact of Speech, Language and Communication DifficultiesImpact of Speech, Language and Communication DifficultiesSpeech, language and communication development are at the heart of all childrens learning and link to other areas of a childs development. Without speech, language and communication skills, a child will not be able to reach their full potential.According to the charity ICAN, 1 in 10 children in the UK, 2 or 3 in every classroom have communication difficulties that require specialist help. (http//www.ican.org.uk/) With such a high number of children with communication difficulties, it is important to have knowledgeable practitioners to effectively support childrens speech, language and communication skills.Learning OutcomesAt the end of this unit, you will be able toExplain how speech and language difficulties can impact on a childs overall development.Describe ways in which communication can be modified or adapted.Explain how to meet the communication needs of children who speak English as an additional language.Analyse the role that other professionals play in supporting the speech, language and communication needs of children.IntroductionThere are increasing numbers of children entering an educational environment with speech and language difficulties. This unit will enable you to understand some of the main causes of speech and language difficulties and the effects it can have on other areas of childrens development. This unit will help you to understand how to effectively support childrens speech, language and communication skills and adapt your communication accordingly.Effects of speech and language difficultiesSpeech and language difficulties in children can be caused by many different factorsChildhood Illnesses Chronic ear infections can have an effect on a childs speech and language development. If ear infections are persistent, fluid will be present in the ear for long periods of time. This can result in hearing difficulties, which can affect how a child processes language, which can in turn result in delayed speech and language.Use of dummies and bottles Prolonged use of dummies and bottles in babies and young children can have effects on a childs speech, language and c ommunication. Before babies learn to say words and sentences, they explore their voices by producing noises and different sounds. Prolonged use of dummies and bottles can result in a child using their voice less often to make noises and sounds. The teat from the bottle or dummy can also prevent normal movement of the tongue and lips at the front of the mouth leading to garble speech.Difficulty in using oral muscles Oral motor disorders can affect children. A child that has an oral motor disorder will find it difficult to use the muscles in their lips, jaw and tongue. Difficulty in using these muscles will affect how a child can use their mouth and create difficulties with speaking, eating and drinking.Developmental Difficulties Children with Autistic Spectrum Difficulties experience difficulties in communicating. They find it difficult to understand or use verbal or non-verbal communication skills.Pregnancy or birth difficulties Dysarthria is a condition affecting the muscles us ed for speech, creating speech and language difficulties. It is often caused by changes to the brain during pregnancy and at birth.Lack of stimulation Children learn by watching others. They observe and copy language, behaviour and actions of others around them. If a child does not receive language stimulation in their archean years, they will not acquire effective language and communication skills. The Literacy Trust runs an initiative titled, talk to your baby to support early language stimulation. They explain that, lack of early language stimulation can lead to language delay, and sometimes literacy and learning difficulties that then extend well beyond early literacy development and can be extremely costly or difficult to remedy. (http//www.literacytrust.org.uk/talk_to_your_baby/about)The Impact of Speech, Language and Communication DifficultiesSpeech, language and communication skills are fundamental to promoting other areas of learning. During a recent go off of the Early Years Foundation correspond Curriculum by Dame Clare Tickell (The Tickell Review), it became apparent that communication and language skills provide a strong foundation for progress learning to take place.As a result of this review, Communication and Language development has now become a prime area of learning for children at bottom the Early Years Foundation Stage.If a child is having difficulties with communication and language, their overall development may be affected. The impact of a childs communication and language difficulties will vary depending on the childs individual needs and severity of their difficulties. The following areas could be affectedPersonal, neighborly and Emotional DevelopmentFriendshipsBehaviourPlayLiteracyMathematicsPersonal, Social and Emotional DevelopmentPersonal, social and emotional development looks at how children develop self-confidence and self-esteem and also at how children make choices and decisions. A child with a communication and langua ge difficulty may find it difficult to express their needs and preferences, meaning that they may refrain from making their own choices and decisions. The development of agreeable social skills is reliant upon play and interaction with others. Children may not feel confident in entering social situations where they find it difficult to interact or participate to a full extent this can negatively affect their social and emotional difficulties.FriendshipsThe development of friendships relies on positive interaction between devil people. Children prepare friendships by communicating and interacting with one another. Positive communication relies on eye contact, body language and gestures to be used alongside language in order to understand what another person is saying. As children become older, language is essential for establishing and maintaining relationships. A child with difficulties communicating may be left out of friendships.BehaviourCommunication and language difficulties and behaviour are closely linked. Children, who have difficulty listening and processing language, therefore may not understand the rules and boundaries of the classroom or setting. This may result in tantrums or frustration demonstrated by the child, as they are unable to understand why they are not allowed to do something.Communication difficulties can result in a child having fewer opportunities for social interaction with other children and less experience in co-operating and share-out with others. In this instance, children may not understand the social expectations of play, which can result in the child snatching toys, rather than learning how to share.If a child has difficulty verbally communicating, they may become frustrated as they are unable to explain their interests and needs.PlayPlay is valuable for young children. The Early Years Foundation Stage curriculum values play as an effective order of learning for young children, play is essential for childrens development, building their confidence as they learn to explore, to mean about problems, and relate to others.Children who have difficulty with communication may find it difficult to engage with and relate to other children during play. As children become older, they enjoy using language to communicate with each other and to play team games with rules. Difficulty engaging with others or understanding the rules of games can leave a child detached and left out of activities with other children. This will also affect a childs confidence and self-esteem.Insert photo here http//www.istockphoto.com/stock-photo-4096771-left-out.php?st=fcaf64fThis image shows how a child can be left out from group games and activities.LiteracySpeech and language skills are important for childrens literacy development. Difficulty in understanding and processing language can lead to delays in the development of phonic skills and reading.The ability to understand written communication is an essential tool for learning, a s it supports learning across other areas of the curriculum.Mathematics numeric development includes aspects such as problem solving and reasoning, which often require understanding of language and instructions. Many other areas of Mathematics also rely upon the use of mathematical language, such as using number and shape names and numerical language. This close link between literacy and mathematics can cause mathematical delays for children with communication difficulties.Adapting communication methodsChildren with speech, language and communication difficulties will all have varying degrees of severity and will therefore need different levels of support. There are many different strategies that can be adopted in order to support individual children.Slow down your communicationIn order to process language, children require time to listen, think about and work out what has been said to them. Slowing down the speed in which you communicate with children will give them time to listen to and process the language. By pausing after asking questions, children will get the chance to think about an answer to the question. Do not rush children. This may result in the child feeling like they have failed and will lower their self-esteem and confidence. Children will be more likely to attempt to communicate and answer questions if they feel comfortable and get the opportunity to participate.Use Visual AidsUsing visual aids can support children in understanding communication. Within everyday communication, gestures and hand actions can support a conversation and can engage a child.Within a setting, visual aids can be used to help the child to understand the daily routine and to make choices and decisions. A visual timetable is a popular strategy used to give children structure for the day and reduce anxiety. A visual timetable is a sequence of symbols or pictures that is displayed in order to demonstrate the activities planned for the session. Children can become convolut ed in the visual timetable by removing the symbols when that activity is complete.Symbols or pictures can also be used to support children in decision making. For example, a practitioner could have symbols for different types of fruit and encourage a child to choose a picture to represent what they would like for their snack. This strategy can be applied to other areas of the childs day, such as choosing activities.Check Childrens Knowledge and UnderstandingWhen giving children instructions or explaining an activity, it is important to clarify their knowledge and understanding of the task. By encouraging children to repeat the instructions or by asking them to explain what they are expected to do, you will be able to ensure that they have understood what you have asked them to do. change your LanguageShortening your sentences and simplifying your language can help children to process language and understand what has been said to them. Think about the words you use with children and ensure that they are not too complex for their age and stage of development. For example, you could replace the word construct with the word build.Guided ActivityThink about some of the vocabulary you use with children.For each word or phrase, identify a simplified version you could use with children with communication difficulties.Praise Childrens EffortsGiving children praise is an important method to promote the use of communication. Praising a child for participating in an activity or for what they have done well will help to build a childs self-esteem and confidence and may further encourage their participation.Share the conversationModel the correct language and communicationBeing a skinny role model is important for all childrens acquisition of language and communication however it is especially important for children with communication difficulties.If a child is saying a word or sentence wrong, do not place emphasis on the error, but repeat the word or sentence back to them in its correct form. For example, if a child says me do paint, you could join in with the child and say, Im doing some painting too.Use Alternative and Augmentative Communication MethodsFor some children that have little or no verbal communication skills, using an alternative or augmentative communication method is essential to enable them to communicate their needs and preferences.Children with Autistic Spectrum Difficulties will often have little or no speech. They will usually be able to understand communication, but will need alternative communication methods to enable them to communicate their wishes.Supporting children who speak English as an additional languageThere are more and more children entering childcare settings who speak English as an additional language. Most of these children will have developed speech, language and communication skills in their home language and will need support from practitioners to develop their skills in English.It is important for practition ers to recognise childrens home languages as important becauseThe child will feel valued and respected.The home language is important for family relationships and connections. Some members of a childs family, may not speak any English, therefore a child will still need to speak their home language for vital communications in the home.

Case study for a client with schizophrenia

Case study for a invitee with schizophreniaand has had three admissions to hospital the last one five years ago ,her name hala ,at the age of 35 year old ,she live with her brother but tend to be a bit overprotective ,not allowed to take much responsibility in the home or to go step forward alone .The clinical picture of the clientIt include the, signs symptoms for the client.Hala has moderately severe negative symptoms ,The negative symptoms of schizophrenia, defined as the absence seizure or diminution of expression fashions and functions , negative symptoms account for much of the semipermanent morbidity and poor functional outcome of patients with schizophrenia.. The signs and symptoms of schizophrenia ar numerous and debilitating , these symptoms are the lack of important abilities . Some of these include1)Alogia or pauperisation of speech, is the lessening of speech fluency and productivity, unfitness to carry a conversation ,thought to reflect slowing or blocked thou ghts, and lots manifested as short, empty replies to questions.2) relateional flattening is the reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression, including facial expression, voice tone, eye contact (person seems to stare, doesnt maintain eye contact in a normal process), and is not able to interpret body language nor use appropriate body language.3) Avolition is the reduction, difficulty, or inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed behavior it is often mistaken for apparent disinterest. ) Inappropriate well-disposed skills or lack of interest or ability to socialize with other people. (examples of avolition include no long-term interested in going out and meeting with friends, no long-lived interested in activities that the person employ to show enthusiasm for, no longer interested in much of anything, sitting in the house for many hours a day doing nothing.) .4) Catatonia Apparent unawareness of the environs, near total absence of motion and speech, a imless body movements and bizarre postures, lack of self-care.5) Social isolation person spends most of the day alone or only with close family, and inability to make friends or keep friends, or not caring to start out friends.6) Low energy the person tends to sit around and sleep much to a greater extent than normal.The client is being worked upon with the following MDTPsychiatrist the psychiatrist works with the client using needed medication, such as Prozac.Psychologist the psychologist works with the client using diametric approaches, in order to understand her, and her behaviors, through talking, observingSocial worker the social worker works with the client in understanding difficulties that the client has, that affect her social lifefor example not going to work, the thing that affects her social relations and networks.Physician and nursing the physician is a general doctor that follows up the clients medical status. On the other hand, the nursing team is available in the institution for the clients need to be supervised by a medical team, for if someone would have a relapse, an action would be done, such as giving injections.Finally, the MDT works together, by meetings and reports close each client.She is treated with medication and visits the out patient clinic at the hospital every three months to see her doctor. she reliable about raking her medication and keeping her outpatient appointments.treatment may includebehavioral therapy patients with schizophrenia improve their social skills and put structure in their lives. Through social skills training, they may learn how to make requests, express feelings, and adjust their voices and facial expressions.The impact of the illness provide have on the clients occupational functioningThe impact of these symptoms on ADL, work, and liesure.Activities of daily living require the ability to start and repeat purposful task performance so that become habitual or routine and these tasks or activities inclu de bathing, grooming, and dressing, washing hands before a meal, eating with resonable table manners, then cleaning up. Persons who have schizophrenia may find routin task performance resolveed by symptoms, side effects of medication, and progression of schizophrenia. Auditory or visual hallucinations may interrupt attention, and tactile discomfort with texture of materials may limit occupational performance. Many ADL routines become challenging in the presence of motor problems produced by negative symptoms and the neurological side effects of medications. Incoordination, tremores, rigidity, or slow movement may interfere with tasks like replacing caps on bottles, shaving, and using eating utensils. In the psychological area, major barriers to ADL are pathy, avolition, or extreme withdrawal. Even persons who show interest in social interaction may not complete the self-maintenance tasks that would increase social acceptance. They are unable to engage themselves in tasks and may d epend on others to involve them. fainally, self-management difficulties in schizophrenia influenece ADL performance to a great extent. Routines are abandoned when persons are unable to cope with environmental or internal stressors. Time management and self control become weak.WorkOfen persons with schizophrenia have difficulty finding satisfactory housing or keeping a job because of psychological, and self-management performance difficulties. Also, negative symptoms such as withdrawal, avolition, substance abuse, neurological impairment, medication side effects, and coexist medical conditions make work performance impossible for many.The stickframe of reference I used to guide the judgment and intervention with the clientFrame of reference MOHO model of human occupationI chose MOHO because it 1)Furnishes a slender framework of the occupational functioning of hala.2)Enables precise measurement and useful description of hala occupational characteristics .3)Give specific and detai led guidelines and tools for evaluating hala ,a specific language for describing the difficulties or challenges encountered ,and a framework for setting treatment goals and selecting the most appropriate strategy to achieve the desired level of change .4)allows for a flexible approach to individualized therapy for hala and provides a comprehensive picture of the occupational functioning .5)provides a conceptualization of the process and stages of change that was useful for guiding the period of therapy (including deciding when hala is ready to move from one level of change to another).how I assess the clientI chose an activity during the assessment ,I chose washes plastic platesI chose ACIS assessment (( assessment of communication and interaction skills)).The ACIS is a formal observational tool ,to measure an individuals performance in an occupational form within a social group ,that allows occupational therapist to chink a clients strengths and weaknesses in interacting and comm unicating with others in the course of daily occupations.I chose ACIS assessment because ,it is most effectively used to generate a profile of strengths and weaknesses and qualitative details about my client ,this profile is the most important source of information for deciding what skills to target for change. ACIS is often helpful for understanding why is my client having difficulty with some interaction skills .The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM)to detect change in a clients self-perception of occupational performance over time. Follow the links below for further information about the COPM.intervention processAssess clients level of disorientation to determine specific requirements for safety.Skill training interventionsIdentify areas of skill deficit person is go outing to work on.determine the goals for the client (shortlong terms goals)first I will establish the goals together with halaI will determine the goals from the deficit in her function ,from observat ion during the activity ,from the assessment ,and the client can ask me about some ability that she want to return it .Long term goal to let her take much responsibility in the home ,allow her go out alone without any danger to her ,or her health or people .for example let her visit the hospital to see her doctor.Let her work for example secretaire as she trained in the past ,or work in an office as she worked at age 21.Let her feeling more confident in social situations , can be operationalised by identifying performance indicatorsShort term engaging in activity,increased motivation,improved judgment, increased energy, ability to experiencepleasure and cognitive Function.factors that affect or important in assisting the client to reach the goalsimportant factorthe client good response to the medication ,the acceptance of his situation, less reckon and the range of episodes, if she like the activity .her tolerance and endurance during the activity ,assessment and medication.Enviro nment good interaction with his environment ,feel some degree of safety in the therapy environment and in his living environment .Factors that might affect the clients programClient forget take the medication, she didnt like the activity or it is not suitable for her ,there is no therapeutic relationship.,Family members may require support as clients in their own right. They may also play a key role as an flank of the therapy team. Where children are involved, a careful assessment of child safety is required, generally by someone specifically trained in this area such as a child protection worker

The Impact of Bad Habits on My Life Essay -- essays research papers

The Impact of Bad Habits on My LifeIt is very fractious for wad to accept their mistakes, but the hardest part is to correct them since no one is pure(a) and it might take some time as well. Some people think they are too perfect in life unfortunately, I am one of those who believe it. However, thinking that I am a perfect person does not make any harm to people, but, when I come back to reality and see things around me from a different point of view, I realize that are my bad habits the ones hurting my family and friends. Therefore, being always late, being lazy, and drinking heavily has marked my family and friends deeply, causing on me a bad story and a bad person in life.First of all, being always late has caused me so many problems, not only with my family and friends but ...

Thief Lord Essay -- essays research papers

The depredator passe-partoutWhen the Thief Lord and hes band of misfit orphans accepts Barbossas swart job from The Conte, he gets a picture of a wooden wing from a magical Merry-Go-Round and an address. Hes set to rob Ida Spavento, a photographer and former orphan herself. superior, the detective following Prosper and Bos trail, catches onto the Thief Lords plans and follows the orphans back to the abandoned theatre The Star Palace, he indeed searches for the owner of the theatre, Dottor Massimo, a millionaire. Victor makes he way to Dottors mansion to buy the theatre, hes offar is refused. But, there he discovers a boy, who looks similar to the Thief Lord, named Scipio Massimo. He quickly lowered his head, but Victor had already recognized him. His hair was tied back in a tight little ponytail and his eye didnt look quite as arrogant as they had before, but there could be no doubt This was the boy who had so innocently asked Victor the time, just before he and his friends had tricked him (Funke, Chapter 17, page 114.) Victor makes his way back to the theatre where he is captured by the orphans and taken hostage. After hearing the boys story, Victor comes to the conclusion the boys are better off on there own, and agrees to keep their secret, and sends their Aunt on a wild goose chace.Meanwhile, the Thief Lord and his band of thieves set up to lob Idas household. They are caught by Idas housemaid and then are...

Comparing Pain in Dr. Faustus and Oroonoko :: comparison compare contrast essays

Pain in Dr. Faustus and Oroonoko In almost every piece of writing there is reference to some sort of injure, whether it be material disturb or emotional pain. In a story like Aphra Behns Oroonoko, the physical pain stands out above any other grief or misery. However, Christopher Marlowes Dr. Faustus exhibits just as much pain, but in an emotional sense. This poses an interesting question Is one pain worse than the other? Can pain be measured? Pain, whether it be physical or emotional, is an unpleasant sensation. However, something like being poked with a safety pin or feeling sad would non be considered true pain. Physical pain is sent to the brain from other parts of the body, and when the brain recognizes the pain, the body feels it as well. There is no scientific deduction on where emotional pain comes from, but most people agree with Stanley Schachters analysis of emotions in the late 1950s. Schachter said that emotional pain begins when a person encounters an important event or thought. The person then interprets the meaning of the encounter, and the interpretation determines the feeling that is likely to follow. (Black 22) Throughout history, people have documented their encounters with physical and emotional pain in works such as stories or poems. Neither pain was extensively researched until the late 19th century, so neither Marlowe nor Behn had any documentation on the causes and effects of physical and emotional pain. But both were able to take painful elements from their environment and put them into their texts. Marlowe wrote Dr. Faustus in 1592, in the halfway of the Elizabethian era. The story revolves around a man who sells his soul to the devil in exchange for several years of forbidden knowledge. Dr. Faustus is written in theatrical act upon (to be staged), a genre popularized during Elizabeths reign by writers such as Marlowe and Shakespeare. This form allowed authors to develop characters and experiment with emotion through dialog ue, something authors were unable to do in poetry and had yet to do in stories. Dr. Faustus reads like a commentary on religion intended for the more affluent members of society adoptt ask for things outside of your means or status. The story could also be a warning to monarchs who believe they are superhuman or divine. Because of the genius of the story, the pain expressed in Dr.

Search Engines Essay -- essays research papers

There are currently over a billion pages of information on the Internet about every topic imaginable. The question is how can you possibly find what you want? Computer algorithms can be written to expect the Internet but nigh are not practical because they must sacrifice precision for coverage. However, a few engines have found interesting ways of providing high quality information quickly. Page value ranking, topic-specific searches, and Meta search engines are three of the most popular because they work smarter not harder. While no mercantile search engine will make public their algorithm, the basic structure can be inferred by testing the results. The reason for this is because there would be a thousand imitation sites, meaning little or no profit for the developers. The most primitive of searches is the sequential search, which goes through every item in the leaning one at a time. that the sheer size of the web immediately rules out this possibility. While sequential migh t return the best results, you would most likely never see any results because of the webs inflammatory growth rate. Even the fastest computers would take a long time, and in that time, alone kinds of new pages will have been created.Some of the older spiders like Alta Vista are designed to literally roam randomly through the web utilise links to other pages. This is accomplished with high-speed servers with 300 connections open at one time. These web spiders are content based which means they actually realize and categorize the HTML on every page. One flaw of this is the verbal-disagreement problem where you have a particular word that can describe two antithetical concepts. Type a few actors line in the query and you will be lucky if you can find anything relates to what you are looking for. The query words can be anywhere in a page and they are likely to be taken out of context.Content-based searches can also be slowly manipulates. Some tactics are very deceptive, for examp le some automobile web sites have stooped to writing Buy This Car dozens of time in hidden fontsa subliminal version of listing AAAA Autos in the Yellow Pages(1). The truth is that one would never know if a site was doing this unless you looked at the code and most consumers do not look at the code. A less subtle tactic is to pay to get to the top. For example, the engine GoTo accepts payment from those who press to b... ... meta search engine can achieve several advantages 1 It will present to users a more sophisticated interface2 Make the definition more accurate3 Get more complete and precise results4 Improve source selection and running priority decisions (3).Again the sentiment of optimizing the Internet through intelligent software shows up. It is just a matter of designing a certain algorithm that does not forget what it has learned.Most stack did not foresee the tremendous growth of the Internet in the 1990s. Computer algorithms have gone from small government programs to every personal computer in the world. You start with the most basic problem solving and end up with the most complex of problem solving. That of course is sorting through a database that grows most exponentially.Plain and simple, the Internet has a lot of information on it. A crawler works twenty-four hours a day digging through it all. The search engine pulls out the parts people want and hands it to the Meta search engine. The Meta search engine further discriminates until you get exactly what you are looking for. Yet behind all this are machines performing the instructions they have been given an algorithm.